Research & Sources
Where the science comes from
Research references and public health guidance behind the project.
Smoke
- Read source
Gould et al. (2024)
Gould, C. F., Heft-Neal, S., Johnson, M., Aguilera, J., Burke, M., & Nadeau, K. (2024). Health effects of wildfire smoke exposure. Annual Review of Medicine, 75, 277–292.
Cited in: What Are Wildfires?; Wildfire Smoke
Neurological health
- Read source
White (2024)
White, A. R. (2024). The firestorm within: A narrative review of extreme heat and wildfire smoke effects on brain health. Science of the Total Environment, 922, Article 171239.
Cited in: Wildfires and Brain Health
Mental health
- Read source
Zhang et al. (2022)
Zhang, Y., Workman, A., Russell, M., Williamson, M., Pan, H., & Reifels, L. (2022). The long-term impact of bushfires on the mental health of Australians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), Article 2087980.
Cited in: Mental Health
Climate
- Read source
Gould et al. (2024)
Gould, C. F., Heft-Neal, S., Johnson, M., Aguilera, J., Burke, M., & Nadeau, K. (2024). Health effects of wildfire smoke exposure. Annual Review of Medicine, 75, 277–292.
Cited in: What Are Wildfires?; Wildfire Smoke
- Read source
Rizzo & Rizzo (2025)
Rizzo, L. V., & Rizzo, M. C. F. V. (2025). Wildfire smoke and health impacts: A narrative review. Jornal de Pediatria, 101(Suppl. 1), S56–S64.
Cited in: What Are Wildfires?
Prevention
- Read source
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2024)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). Indoor air filtration.
Cited in: Protecting Indoor Air
- Read source
Lei et al. (2024)
Lei, Y., Lei, T.-H., Lu, C., Zhang, X., & Wang, F. (2024). Wildfire smoke: Health effects, mechanisms, and mitigation. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(48), 21097–21119.
Cited in: Build a Cleaner Indoor Space
Reading research
Three distinctions we keep
Wildfire-specific vs. general air pollution
Many brain-health findings come from studies of PM2.5 in general. Wildfire smoke may behave differently, so we note when a finding isn't wildfire-specific.
Association vs. causation
A link between exposure and an outcome does not prove one causes the other.
Established vs. uncertain
We separate what is well known from what research suggests and what remains open.
Official resources